https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/f40954d542acee248e1ac0921937b9f1.jpg c80e629241214e9f2ee5ece62a4b4377 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charlotte Cushman and Emma Stebbins Description An account of the resource Stebbins is standing next to Cushman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Merrill, Lisa. When Romeo Was a Woman. Charlotte Cushman and Her Circle of Female Spectators, The U of Michigan Press, 1999, pp. 194. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cushmania Subject The topic of the resource Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, 1816-1876 Stebbins, Emma, 1815-1882 Gossip--Published Gossip--Private Relationships--Networks Italy--Rome Description An account of the resource A collection of archival material (letters, diaries, articles, auto/biographical accounts) collected from different archives (cf. <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/sources/archives/">list</a>) that showcase the life of Charlotte Cushman, one of the most successful US American actresses of the nineteenth century. We invite you to either look for specific items via the tag cloud at the bottom of the page or the search function at the top, <a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/items/browse?collection=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">browse all items</a> in this collection, or explore thematic compilations of selected items in our "<a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/exhibits" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Exhibits</a>." <h6 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/c4226e025914fe32ca1542c728bd11cc.JPG"><img title="Item Locations" alt="Item Locations" src="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/c4226e025914fe32ca1542c728bd11cc.JPG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="349.5" height="237.5" /></a>(<a href="http://hdlab.stanford.edu/palladio/">Palladio</a> visualization, Dec 2021: location of items in collection, size nodes)</h6> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/44bccce1e23bf9efe34d0078d3cc97f0.JPG"><img title="Item Locations" alt="Item Locations" src="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/44bccce1e23bf9efe34d0078d3cc97f0.JPG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="349.5" height="324.5" /></a>(<a href="http://hdlab.stanford.edu/palladio/">Palladio</a> visualization, Dec 2021: letter correspondence for items that have values defined for "location sender" AND "location recipient," size nodes)</h6> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress New York Public Library Philadelphia Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1816-00-00/1920-00 Person An individual. Birth Date 1 September 1815 Death Date 25 October 1882 Occupation sculptor Secondary Texts: Comments Secondary sources that have explicitly commented on the respective item or raised important concerns/questions that are of interest Jackson writes that Stebbins "was not wealthy, but her mother was the widow of a bank president and her prominent brother was a successful Wall Street broker" (76). Stebbins became "the oldest of the first generation of major American female sculptors" (Jackson 77). While Jackson mentions Stebbins's sister Caroline's marriage to Tilton, he only writes that Stebbins "had also met the companion of her life and had taken up sculpting as her first full-time artistic pursuit" (80) without mentioning Cushman in this context by name. Emma and Charlotte move in together in July 1857 (Merrill 186). Both are considered to be 'married.' For a discussion of the relationship between Stebbins and Harriet Hosmer, please go to <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/collection/items/show/21">Harriet Hosmer</a>. Stebbins and Charlotte - erotics of sentimental friendships, ideals: "For some of the women in their circle Charlotte Cushman and Emma Stebbins were a visible symbol of this intimacy. One American friend would refer to photographs she had of them whenever she was 'assailed by those who believe ... that women's friendships are like pretty bows of ribbon to be put on or taken off at caprice.' […] Was is clearly evident from Charlotte's and her contemporaries' letters is that relationships of primary emotional intensity between women could be seen by some as enduring sentimental friendships, acceptable embodiments of an almost religious, morally uplifting 'sisterhood,' yet at the same time the exclusive commitment of one woman to another allowed for the possibility of intense romantic and erotic pleasure as well as precluding the female partners' relationship to men. Erotic desire was always a possible component of the narrative of sentimental friendship – so possible, in fact, that if often threatened the boundaries of that friendship, as we have seen in Charlotte's relationship with Matilda Hays and others. But, with Emma Stebbins, Charlotte enacted and 'idealized view' of women's loving relationships, which, paradoxically, appeared to many people to exemplify conventional societal values rather than challenge them." (Merrill 196) "Cushman's friendship with Elizabeth Peabody and Mary Peabody Mann, Horace's widow, enabled her to press Stebbins's claims where pressure would have most benefit. Later, when funding for the Mann commission looked precarious, Cushman offered to deliver a series of eulogies extolling Mann in some of the principal towns in New England in order to raise money to pay Stebbins for her work. Thus Cushman aimed to merchandize her own popularity and talent for the benefit of her friend." (Parrott 324) Faderman writes that "Emma was assertive as an artist, but shy as a saleswoman. Therefore, Charlotte acted as Emma's sales agent, a role Emma had hated to play" (Surpassing the Love of Men 225). Cushman "sought in a romantic friend seems to be what most woman-identified professional women of the next few decades thought to be their ideal too–a woman who understood the demands of their occupational life because she worked under such demands as well, and who could give support and sympathy when needed, who was self-sufficient to the extent that she had a whole life of her own, but who also had energy for another, more intimate life with an equal. Romantic friendships of this nature were especially common among academic women at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. In many colleges and universities a woman could not marry a man and remain on the faculty" (Surpassing the Love of Men 225). Sex Female Nationality US-American Admin Comment Comments for further research, pending questions, tasks that still have to be completed <a href="https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2020/06/17/abiding-attachments-artist-emma-stebbins-and-actor-charlotte-cushman/#.YCJIc3kxmUk">https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2020/06/17/abiding-attachments-artist-emma-stebbins-and-actor-charlotte-cushman/#.YCJIc3kxmUk</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emma Stebbins Subject The topic of the resource Stebbins, Emma, 1815-1882 Artists Artists--Sculptors--US American Type The nature or genre of the resource Person Reference Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 0002 Description An account of the resource Starting in 1857, Charlotte Cushman and Emma Stebbins enter a romantic relationship that lasts until Cushman's death. After her death, Stebbins writes an often cited <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/collection/items/show/19" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Charlotte Cushman: Her Letters and Memories of Her Life.">biography about Cushman</a> in which she collects "letters and memories." Cushman contributes tremendously to Stebbins's success in Italy as a sculptor and member of a vibrant community of artists. In July 1857, Stebbins moves in with Cushman. This relationship is the reason for Hays and Cushman to break up. While Cushman is in a relationship with Stebbins she gets romantically involved with Emma Crow Cushman. Tensions arise over time and are referred to in letters between Emma Crow Cushman and Charlotte, for instance. Cushman and Stebbins share a relationship that supersedes the other love interests of Cushman as Cushman herself expresses a 'promise' between them to care for each other and devote their lives to each other. In her letters, Charlotte also mentions a wedding ring. These descriptions feed into the often mentioned 'female marriage' between Cushman and Stebbins. Charlotte would refer to Emma Stebbins in letters to others, such as Emma Crow, as "aunt Em." Stebbins sculpted the <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/collection/items/show/18">The Angel of Waters</a> of the Bethesda Fountain in New York City. For a scrapbook related to Emma Stebbins, go to Mary Stebbins Garland's (1815-1882) digitized version provided by the <a href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/scrapbook-relating-to-emma-stebbins-7824">Smithsonian</a>. Stebbins's sister Caroline marries John Rollin Tilton shortly after both come to Rome in 1857.