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d9f5fe520ab6105d5eae9ba1afee6f96
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Geraldine Jewsbury (left) and Jane Welsh Carlyle (right), April 1855
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<p>Markus, Julia. <em>Across an Untried Sea: Discovering Lives Hidden in the Shadow of Convention and Time. </em>2000, pp. 151.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Cushmania
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, 1816-1876
Stebbins, Emma, 1815-1882
Gossip--Published
Gossip--Private
Relationships--Networks
Italy--Rome
Description
An account of the resource
<p>A collection of archival material (letters, diaries, articles, auto/biographical accounts) collected from different archives (cf. <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/sources/archives/">list</a>) that showcase the life of Charlotte Cushman, one of the most successful US American actresses of the nineteenth century.</p>
<p>We invite you to either look for specific items via the tag cloud at the bottom of the page or the search function at the top, <a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/items/browse?collection=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">browse all items</a> in this collection, or explore thematic compilations of selected items in our "<a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/exhibits" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Exhibits</a>."</p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/c4226e025914fe32ca1542c728bd11cc.JPG"><img title="Item Locations" alt="Item Locations" src="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/c4226e025914fe32ca1542c728bd11cc.JPG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="349.5" height="237.5" /></a>(<a href="http://hdlab.stanford.edu/palladio/">Palladio</a> visualization, Dec 2021: location of items in collection, size nodes)</h6>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/44bccce1e23bf9efe34d0078d3cc97f0.JPG"><img title="Item Locations" alt="Item Locations" src="https://archivalgossip.com/collection/files/original/44bccce1e23bf9efe34d0078d3cc97f0.JPG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="349.5" height="324.5" /></a>(<a href="http://hdlab.stanford.edu/palladio/">Palladio</a> visualization, Dec 2021: letter correspondence for items<br />that have values defined for "location sender" AND "location recipient," size nodes)</h6>
<p></p>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Library of Congress
New York Public Library
Philadelphia Historical Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1816-00-00/1920-00
Person
An individual.
Birth Date
1812-08-22
Birthplace
Measham, Derbyshire
Death Date
1880-09-23
Admin Comment
Comments for further research, pending questions, tasks that still have to be completed
https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/the-romantic-friendship-of-jane-carlyle-and-geraldine-jewsbury<br /><br />http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/jewsbury_the_collected_writings/Publishers-Note.aspx<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/svPeople?people_tab=3&crumbtrail=on&formname=r&heading=h&person_id=jewsge&subform=1#FriendsandSocialCirclesinManchester">http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/svPeople?people_tab=3&crumbtrail=on&formname=r&heading=h&person_id=jewsge&subform=1#FriendsandSocialCirclesinManchester</a><br />Accessed 22 July, 2020<br />what follows is a quote from the Orlando project with surces given there -->added here in brackets:<br /><br />
<h3>Friends and Social Circles in Manchester</h3>
<div class="paragraph">The Jewsbury home became the social and intellectual centre of <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:16:s" title="Settlement (city, town, village) link: Manchester">Manchester</a>, and GJ became known for her wit and charm. [Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 66.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">She and her <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:38" title="Person Name link: Jewsbury, Frank">brother</a> entertained such visitors as <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:39" title="Person Name link: Lewes, George Henry">George Henry Lewes</a>, dramatist <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:40" title="Person Name link: Marston, John Westland">Westland Marston</a>, Italian exile and journalist <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:41" title="Person Name link: Gallenga, Antonio">Antonio Gallenga</a>, manufacturer <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:42" title="Person Name link: Forster, William Edward">William Edward Forster</a>, mechanical engineer <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:43" title="Person Name link: Whitworth, Joseph">Joseph Whitworth</a>, poet and weaver <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:44" title="Person Name link: Bamford, Samuel">Samuel Bamford</a>, and historian <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:45" title="Person Name link: Green, Mary Anne Everett">Mary Anne Everett Green</a>.</div>
<div class="paragraph"><a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:46" title="Person Name link: Gaskell, Elizabeth">Elizabeth Gaskell</a> was also a visitor, friend, and neighbour. Returning one of her visits, GJ was reportedly found sitting on the floor of Gaskell's drawing-room, reading aloud from <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:48" title="Person Name link: Lamb, Charles,, 1775 - 1834">Charles Lamb</a>'s <em>The Essays of Elia</em>.[Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 23. ]</div>
<div class="paragraph">Other friends and acquaintances of the Jewburys in <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:17:s" title="Settlement (city, town, village) link: Manchester">Manchester</a> included the journalists Alexander Ireland and Thomas Ballantyne, <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:51" title="Person Name link: Espinasse, Francis">Francis Espinasse</a>, educational reformer William Ballantyne Hodgson, historian <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:53" title="Person Name link: Dixon, William Hepworth">William Hepworth Dixon</a> (whose daughter <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:54" title="Person Name link: Dixon, Ella Hepworth">Ella</a> provided <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:55" title="Person Name link: Howe, Susanne">Susanne Howe</a> with "personal recollections" [Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: xiv.] of GJ for <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:57" title="Person Name link: Howe, Susanne">Howe</a>'s 1935 biography), John Stores Smith, chemist Henry Edward Schunck, <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:60" title="Person Name link: Dilberoglue, Stauros">Stauros Dilberoglue</a>, actor <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:61" title="Person Name link: Macready, William Charles">William Charles Macready</a>, and dramatist <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:62" title="Person Name link: Knowles, James Sheridan">James Sheridan Knowles</a>.<a href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/getBibcit?&dbref=109478&qtdin=&text=304, 306&t=6:109478&dbref=109268&qtdin=&text=37-40, 45, 60, 65-70, 111-12&t=6:109268" target="external" onclick="javascript:rollyRules('getBibcit?&dbref=109478&qtdin=&text=304, 306&t=6:109478&dbref=109268&qtdin=&text=37-40, 45, 60, 65-70, 111-12&t=6:109268','citation'); return false;" onkeypress="javascript:rollyRules('getBibcit?&dbref=109478&qtdin=&text=304, 306&t=6:109478&dbref=109268&qtdin=&text=37-40, 45, 60, 65-70, 111-12&t=6:109268','citation'); return false;" title="open bibliographic citation in a new window"><img src="http://orlando.cambridge.org/pics/bibcit.gif" alt=" Bibliographic Citation link. " class="BIBCIT" /></a>[Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 37-40, 45, 60, 65-70, 111-12. Mercer, Edmund. "Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury." <em>Manchester Quarterly</em>. 17 (1898): 301-21: 304, 306.]</div>
<h4>The Carlyles</h4>
<div class="paragraph chronstruct"><strong>March 1841</strong> GJ first met the <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:64" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Jane Welsh">Carlyles</a>, just under a year after she had introduced herself by letter to <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:65" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Thomas">Thomas</a>. [Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 43. <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</em>. Matthew, Henry Colin Gray ed., Brian Harrison ed., and Lawrence Goldman ed. <a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/" target="_blank" class="bibliography_url" rel="noopener"><http://www.oxforddnb.com/></a> 26 October 2004.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">The Carlyles invited her to visit them at <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:18:a" title="Address (within place) link: Cheyne Row">Cheyne Row</a> after being impressed by her letter to Thomas Carlyle about his earlier writing. GJ returned for another visit in early 1843 when Carlyle was working on <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=2:4" title="Title (of text) link: Past and Present"><em>Past and Present</em></a>. While she and the Carlyles were to develop a lasting friendship, visits during the early years of their acquaintance were marked by increasing tensions. During one ill-fated visit, Thomas Carlyle is reported to have called GJ "an incurable fool." [Quoted in Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 48.] Several months later, relations between Jane Carlyle and GJ improved when the latter helped the former to find domestic positions for two girls from a family whom Jane Carlyle was assisting through financial need.[Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 43, 48, 51. Mercer, Edmund. "Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury." <em>Manchester Quarterly</em>. 17 (1898): 301-21: 303-4.]</div>
<h4>Jane Welsh Carlyle</h4>
<div class="paragraph">Despite the rocky beginning to their friendship, GJ and <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:70" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Jane Welsh">Jane Carlyle</a>, eleven years her senior, developed a passionate and life-long intimate relationship. In a letter of 1841 GJ declared, "I think of you very often; indeed, you are scarcely ever out of mind." [Jewsbury, Geraldine, and Jane Welsh Carlyle. <em>Selections from the Letters of Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury to Jane Welsh Carlyle</em>. Annie Elizabeth Ireland (as Mrs. Alexander Ireland) ed. London: Longmans, Green, 1892: 1. ] Again in this first year of their friendship she wrote: "I love you my darling, more than I can express, more than I am conscious of myself." [Faderman, Lillian. <em>Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present</em>. New York: William Morrow, 1981: 164.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">On visits to the home at <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:19:s" title="Settlement (city, town, village) link: Seaforth">Seaforth</a> in <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:19:r" title="Region (county, province, etc.) link: Lancashire">Lancashire</a> of a mutual friend, <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:72" title="Person Name link: Paulet, Elizabeth">Elizabeth Paulet</a> (a relation of the Jewsburys), GJ developed intense feelings of jealousy when Jane Carlyle gave her attentions too exclusively to Paulet.[Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 53.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">Jane Carlyle describes another occasion at Seaforth, this time in 1844, when GJ, upset over an earlier dispute, entered her friend's bedroom at night and acted in such a way that it was a "revelation" to <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:75" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Jane Welsh">Carlyle</a>, "not only of Geraldine, but of human nature! Such mad, lover-like jealousy on the part of one woman towards another."[Quoted in Woolf, Virginia. "Geraldine and Jane." (1929). Virginia Woolf. <em>The Second Common Reader</em>. Alternate Title: <em>The Common Reader, Second Series</em>. London: Hogarth Press, 1932. 186-201: 196.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">Apart from these occasional quarrels, GJ and <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:77" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Jane Welsh">Jane Carlyle</a> very much enjoyed their visits to Seaforth—visits which included smoking tobacco.[Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 54-5.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">However, the intense jealousy that had early affected the friendship persisted. Around 1846 GJ began her friendship with the American actress <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:79" title="Person Name link: Cushman, Charlotte">Charlotte Cushman</a>, who was then visiting <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:20:s" title="Settlement (city, town, village) link: Manchester">Manchester</a>. Much to the frustration of Carlyle, Jewsbury began to write affectionate letters to Cushman, with whom she also reportedly "swore eternal friendship." [Quoted in Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 70.] Years later GJ was enraptured by another actress, <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:81" title="Person Name link: Faucit, Helen">Helena Faucit Martin</a>, whom she had seen perform many of <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:82" title="Person Name link: Shakespeare, William">Shakespeare</a>'s heroines. She sent Martin adoring letters.[Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 185-6.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">The relationship between Carlyle and Jewsbury suffered several breaks, but in general the two friends supported each other through many difficult times. After suffering a breakdown in 1846, Carlyle spent a few weeks recuperating at Jewsbury's home in <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:21:s" title="Settlement (city, town, village) link: Manchester">Manchester</a>. In 1862 they were torn apart by a disagreement, but they were reconciled by 1864 when GJ was staying with the Carlyles and caring for Jane, who had fallen ill. [Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: 170-1.]</div>
<div class="paragraph">Despite the occasional friction between them, GJ felt that her friendship with <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:85" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Jane Welsh">Jane Carlyle</a> was a step towards a new reality for women. Writing to Carlyle in 1849, she expressed her dream of a future in which women
<div class="blockquote">"will be able to be friends and companions in a way they cannot be now. All the strength of their feelings and thoughts will not run into love; they will be able to associate with men, and make friends of them, without being reduced to their position to see them as lovers or husbands . . . . they will make themselves women, as men are allowed to make themselves men . . . . I do not feel that either you or I are to be called failures. We are indications of a development of womanhood which as yet is not recognised." [Quoted in Fryckstedt, Monica Correa. "New Sources on Geraldine Jewsbury and the Woman Question." <em>Research Studies</em>. 51.2 (June 1983): 51-63: 57.]</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">GJ remained close friends with both Carlyles until <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:87" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Jane Welsh">Jane</a>'s sudden death in 1866, at which time she was reportedly one of the two people asked to identify her friend's body at <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:22:p" title="Placename (e.g. building name) link: St George's Hospital">St George's Hospital</a>.[Crosland, Camilla (as Mrs. Newton Crosland). <em>Landmarks of a Literary Life, 1820-1892</em>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893: 238. ] She is said to have supported the grieving <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=0:88" title="Person Name link: Carlyle, Thomas">Thomas Carlyle</a> after the death of his wife. In later years he visited her in <a class="actionItem" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/wheel?src_ref=jewsge-b.sgm&doc_type=0&&t=4:23:s" title="Settlement (city, town, village) link: Llanover">Llanover</a> during the final stages of her fatal illness.[Howe, Susanne. <em>Geraldine Jewsbury: Her Life and Errors</em>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1935: x-xi, 42. Mercer, Edmund. "Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury." <em>Manchester Quarterly</em>. 17 (1898): 301-21: 303-4.]<br />
<p class="biblCitation"><br /><br />"In her introduction to the correspondence of Jane Carlyle and Jewsbury, the editor describes Geraldine as a Sandean woman: "Intellectually she was a man, but the heart within her was as womanly as ever daughter of Eve could boast. This combination of keen intellect and truly feminine heart" (Ireland vii- viii). In a letter of July 5, 1841, Jewsbury mentions Carlyle 's article on "George Sandism": "I myself have a general sort of prejudice against women's novels, with very few exceptions [...]. There is my second name, for instance, 'Endsor' ; that would do just as well, and if I might cut off the feminine termination to 'Geraldine' I should feel much more comfortable. You will perhaps laugh at me, and call it affectation. I only say that I should like it infinitely better" ( I 59)." (Daniele 15-16)<br /><br /></p>
</div>
Occupation
writer
Secondary Texts: Comments
Secondary sources that have explicitly commented on the respective item or raised important concerns/questions that are of interest
Lisa Merrill comments that Jewsbury was very fond of Charlotte Cushman playing Bianca in <em>Fazio </em>(139-140). Merrill states that Bianca in <em>Half Sister</em> is "largely" (85) based on Cushman. The scandal surrounding Jewsbury's first novel <em>Zoe</em> (indecency accusations) "helped the sale and Geraldine became a lioness" (Woolf 16).<br /><br />Jewsbury "smoked publicly and wore male clothes in London" (Daniele 15). In her essay "Geraldine and Jane," Virgina Woolf writes that "Geraldine was fond of swearing" and "very small and yet boyish, very ugly, yet attractive" (10).<br /><br />In terms of Jewsbury's and Jane Carlyle's relationship, Woolf speaks of "intimate friend[s]" and "emotional friendship" (20). The <a href="http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/svPeople?people_tab=3&crumbtrail=on&formname=r&heading=h&person_id=jewsge&subform=1#FriendsandSocialCirclesinManchester">Orlando</a> project states that they "developed a passionate and life-long intimate relationship." After Carlyle's death, Jewsbury "went to live at Sevenoaks. She lived there alone for twenty-two years. It is said that she lost her vivacity. She wrote no more books. Cancer attacked her and she suffered much. On her death-bed she began tearing up Jane's letters, as Jane had wished, and she had destroyed all but one before she died. Thus, just as her life began in obscurity, so it ends in obscurity. We know her only for a few years in the middle" (Woolf 22-23).<br /><br />Lillian Faderman also comments on Jewsbury's and Carlyle's relationship: "Geraldine craved a Llangollen-like existence with Jane, which was unattainable, even if Jane had wished it, since she was legally and socially tied to her husband. […] It appears that Geralidne had heterosexual relationships, but she often informed Jane that they were insignificant compared with her love for Jane […]. Jane was usually furious over these heterosexual attachments, minor as they were, But although it was sometimes stormy, the love between the two continued for more than twenty-five years until jane's death in 1866. [...] While Geraldine had not husband to discourage her efforts, she had the world. However, she believed that the world was slowly changing, and that women of the intellectual caliber of herself and Jane were making it change. But their great tragedy was that the world had not yet changed enough–they were New Women before the era of the New Woman" (<em>Surpassing the Love of Men</em> 164-5).
Sex
Female
Nationality
English
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury
Subject
The topic of the resource
Jewsbury, Geraldine Endsor, 1812-1880
England--London
Journalists/Writers
Gender Norms
Howitt, Mary, 1799-1888
Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, 1816-1876
Relationships-- Intimate--Same-sex
Relationships--Networks
Relationships--Intimate--Opposite-sex
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Reference
Person
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0031
Description
An account of the resource
She writes several novels, among which <em>Half Sisters</em> (1848) is her most famous one. It comments on Victorian society and gender norms. The character Bianca, an actress who is half Italian, is said to be loosely based on <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/collection/items/show/1" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a> with whom Jewsbury is temporarily in a passionate relationship. Both meet in Manchester for the first time and are introduced to each other by their mutual friend <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/collection/items/show/32" title="Mary Howitt">Mary Howitt</a>.<br />Starting in the 1840s, Jewsbury enters an intimate relationship with <a href="https://www.archivalgossip.com/collection/items/show/55" title="Jane Welsh Carlyle">Jane Welsh Carlyle</a>, to whom she once writes:<br />"how can people sell their souls for the sake of furniture and respectability?" (February 19, 1842; <a href="https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromle00jewsuoft/page/418%20 https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/jewsbury/letters/gej.html " target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Source)</a> Carlyle advises Jewsbury to destroy her letters after Carlyle's death.<br />Jewsbury's correspondence and secondary sources characterize the writer as a passionate, jealous, and talented woman.
admirers
gender norms/bending
London
public intimacy
respectability
same-sex attraction